Judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal activism - Essay Example In Roper v. Simmons, a multi year old by the name of Simmons admitted that he plotted the homicide and theft of a more seasoned lady. This case set the inquiry under the watchful eye of the Courts regarding whether an individual more youthful than eighteen years of age ought to be rebuffed with capital punishment when indicted for violations that would regularly commanded the death penalty. The multi year old was initially condemned to death for his violations. This choice was later upset by the Missouri Supreme Court and the respondent's sentence was changed over to life detainment. The Missouri Supreme Court expressed that despite the fact that there were cases that delineated that there was a point of reference set that took into account the death penalty for those people younger than eighteen, that a 'national agreement has created against the execution of adolescent offenders'(2005). This case has since been heard by the United States Supreme Courts. Legal activism and limitatio n are ideas that can be promptly seen in the Roper v. Simmons situation when it was chosen by the Supreme Court in March 2005. The dominant part sentiment tended to both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments while considering the attestation of the Missouri Supreme Court choice. ... Per the court's supposition, neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment denies the utilization of capital punishment for either people that are younger than eighteen or that are esteemed intellectually impeded. The Court's greater part expresses that twenty-two of thirty-seven capital punishment states license capital punishment for the wrongdoers that are sixteen years of age. A similar thirty-seven states allowed capital punishment for those guilty parties that were seventeen years of age. The Court went further to express that such figures are not demonstrative of a country that is moving towards an agreement against the death penalty for those guilty parties that are under eighteen years old. Two legal disputes were reliably referenced in the feeling: Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) and Atkins v. Virginia 536 U.S. 304(2002). Stanford and Atkins address the two issues of the death penalty for adolescent guilty parties and the intellectually hindered. These two cases concluded that it was not wrong to use capital punishment for those more youthful than age eighteen or intellectually impeded, separately. Commonly, legal limitation would have permitted the Supreme Court to topple the Missouri Courts administering dependent on points of reference and existing laws. Notwithstanding, the lion's share assessment took its survey of the current laws by deciphering the expectation of the laws and how they identified with the goal of the Constitutional Amendments. The dominant part feeling expressed that despite the fact that capital punishment for adolescents and the intellectually hindered were not denied, they were once in a while utilized as techniques for discipline. Much of the time, the Court noticed that stipends were made for adolescents that had carried out appalling violations since it was and is perceived that these people have

Advantages of Binary System

Focal points of Binary System The paired number framework, base two, utilizes just two images, 0 and 1. Two is the littlest entire number that can be utilized as the base of a number framework. For a long time, mathematicians considered base to be as a crude framework and neglected the capability of the twofold framework as an instrument for creating software engineering and numerous electrical gadgets. Base two has a few different names, including the twofold positional numeration framework and the dyadic framework. Numerous civic establishments have utilized the twofold framework in some structure, including occupants of Australia, Polynesia, South America, and Africa. Old Egyptian math relied upon the double framework. Records of Chinese science follow the paired framework back to the fifth century and potentially prior. The Chinese were most likely the first to welcome the effortlessness of noticing whole numbers as entireties of forces of 2, with every coefficient being 0 or 1. For instance, the number 10 wo uld be composed as 1010: 10= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 Clients of the parallel framework face something of an exchange off. The two-digit framework has a fundamental virtue that makes it appropriate for taking care of issues of present day innovation. Notwithstanding, the way toward working out twofold numbers and utilizing them in scientific calculation is long and unwieldy, making it illogical to utilize paired numbers for ordinary counts. There are no alternate ways for changing over a number from the generally utilized denary scale (base ten) to the paired scale. Throughout the years, a few unmistakable mathematicians have perceived the capability of the parallel framework. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) imagined a two-sided letters in order code, a paired framework that utilized the images An and B as opposed to 0 and 1. In his philosophical work, The Advancement of Learning, Bacon utilized his double framework to create figures and codes. These investigations established the framework for what was to become word preparing in the late twentieth century. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), received in 1966, achieves a similar reason as Bacons letters in order code. Bacons revelations were even more noteworthy on the grounds that at the time Bacon was composing, Europeans had no data about the Chinese work on twofold frameworks. A German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), took in of the paired framework from Jesuit evangelists who had lived in China. Leibniz rushed to perceive the benefits of the twofold framework over the denary framework, however he is additionally notable for his endeavors to move parallel deduction to philosophy. He theorized that the production of the universe may have been founded on a double scale, where God, spoke to by the number 1, made the Universe from nothing, spoke to by 0. This broadly cited similarity lays on a blunder, in that it isn't carefully right to compare nothing with zero. The English mathematician and rationalist George Boole (1815-1864) built up an arrangement of Boolean rationale that could be utilized to break down any explanation that could be separated into twofold structure (for instance, valid/bogus, yes/no, male/female). Booles work was overlooked by mathematicians for a long time, until an alumni understudy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology understood that Boolean variable based math could be applied to issues of electronic circuits. Boolean rationale is one of the structure squares of software engineering, and PC clients apply paired standards each time they direct an electronic inquiry. The twofold framework functions admirably for PCs on the grounds that the mechanical and electronic transfers perceive just two conditions of activity, for example, on/off or shut/open. Operational characters 1 and 0 represent 1 = on = shut circuit = genuine 0 = off = open circuit = bogus. The message framework, which depends on parallel code, exhibits the straightforwardness with which twofold numbers can be converted into electrical driving forces. The double framework functions admirably with electronic machines and can likewise help in scrambling messages. Figuring machines utilizing base two proselyte decimal numbers to parallel structure, at that point take the procedure back once more, from twofold to decimal. The twofold framework, when excused as crude, is in this manner fundamental to the improvement of software engineering and numerous types of hardware. Numerous significant apparatuses of correspondence, including the typewriter, cathode beam cylinder, broadcast, and tran sistor, couldn't have been created without crafted by Bacon and Boole. Contemporary uses of double numerals incorporate measurable examinations and likelihood considers. Mathematicians and ordinary residents utilize the paired framework to clarify methodology, demonstrate scientific hypotheses, and unravel puzzles. Fundamental Concepts behind the Binary System To comprehend twofold numbers, start by recalling fundamental school math. At the point when we were first educated about numbers, we discovered that, in the decimal framework, things are classified into sections: H | T | O 1 | 9 | 3 with the end goal that H is the hundreds section, T is the tens segment, and O is the ones segment. So the number 193 is 1-hundreds in addition to 9-tens in addition to 3-ones. Thereafter we discovered that the ones segment implied 10^0, the tens segment implied 10^1, the hundreds section 10^2, etc, with the end goal that 10^2|10^1|10^0 1 | 9 | 3 The number 193 is truly {(1*10^2) + (9*10^1) + (3*10^0)}. We realize that the decimal framework utilizes the digits 0-9 to speak to numbers. On the off chance that we wished to place a bigger number in segment 10^n (e.g., 10), we would need to duplicate 10*10^n, which would give 10 ^ (n+1), and be conveyed a segment to one side. For instance, in the event that we put ten in the 10^0 segment, it is inconceivable, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 section, and a 0 in the 10^0 segment, along these lines utilizing two segments. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which likewise utilizes an extra section to one side (12). The parallel framework works under precisely the same standards as the decimal framework, just it works in base 2 as opposed to base 10. At the end of the day, rather than sections being 10^2|10^1|10^0 They are, 2^2|2^1|2^0 Rather than utilizing the digits 0-9, we just utilize 0-1 (once more, on the off chance that we utilized anything bigger it would resemble duplicating 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n section. In this way, it would move you one section to one side. For instance, 3 in twofold can't be placed into one section. The primary segment we fill is the right-most section, which is 2^0, or 1. Since 3>1, we have to utilize an additional segment to one side, and show it as 11 in parallel (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). Twofold Addition Think about the expansion of decimal numbers: 23 +48 ___ We start by including 3+8=11. Since 11 is more noteworthy than 10, a one is placed into the 10s segment (conveyed), and a 1 is recorded during the ones section of the whole. Next, include {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the convey) = 7, which is placed during the 10s segment of the entirety. In this manner, the appropriate response is 71. Double expansion chips away at a similar guideline, however the numerals are unique. Start with the slightest bit paired expansion: 0 1 +0 +1 +0 ___ 0 1 1+1 conveys us into the following segment. In decimal structure, 1+1=2. In twofold, any digit higher than 1 puts us a section to one side (as would 10 in decimal documentation). The decimal number 2 is written in paired documentation as 10 (1*2^1)+(0*2^0). Record the 0 during the ones section, and convey the 1 to the twos segment to find a solution of 10. In our vertical documentation, 1 +1 ___ 10 The procedure is the equivalent for various piece parallel numbers: 1010 +1111 ______ Stage one: Section 2^0: 0+1=1. Record the 1.ã‚â Impermanent Result: 1; Carry: 0 Stage two: Section 2^1: 1+1=10.ã‚â Record the 0 convey the 1. Impermanent Result: 01; Carry: 1 Stage three: Section 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from convey: 1+1=10.ã‚â Record the 0, convey the 1. Impermanent Result: 001; Carry: 1 Stage four: Section 2^3: 1+1=10. Include 1 from convey: 10+1=11. Record the 11.ã‚â Conclusive outcome: 11001 Then again: 11 (convey) 1010 +1111 ______ 11001 Continuously recall 0+0=0 1+0=1 1+1=10 Attempt a couple of instances of twofold expansion: 111 101 111 +110 +111 ______ _____ 1101 1100 1110 Double Multiplication Augmentation in the paired framework works a similar path as in the decimal framework: 1*1=1 1*0=0 0*1=0 101 * 11 ____ 101 1010 _____ 1111 Note that duplicating by two is incredibly simple. To increase by two, simply include a 0 the end. Paired Division Keep indistinguishable principles from in decimal division. For straightforwardness, discard the rest of. For Example: 111011/11 10011 r 10 _______ 11)111011 - 11 ______ 101 - 11 ______ 101 11 ______ 10 Decimal to Binary Changing over from decimal to double documentation is somewhat progressively troublesome theoretically, however should effectively be possible once you know how using calculations. Start by thinking about a couple of models. We can without much of a stretch see that the number 3= 2+1. furthermore, this is identical to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). This converts into placing a 1 in the 2^1 section and a 1 in the 2^0 segment, to get 11. Nearly as instinctive is the number 5: it is clearly 4+1, which is equivalent to stating [(2*2) +1], or 2^2+1. This can likewise be composed as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. Taking a gander at this in sections, 2^2 | 2^1 | 2^0 1 0 1 or then again 101. What were doing here is finding the biggest intensity of two inside the number (2^2=4 is the biggest intensity of 2 out of 5), taking away that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the biggest intensity of 2 in the rest of (is the biggest intensity of 2 of every 1). At that point we simply put this into sections. This procedure proceeds until we have a rest of 0. Lets investigate how it functions. We realize that: 2^0=1 2^1=2 2^2=4 2^3=8 2^4=16 2^5=32 2^6=64 2^7=128 etc. To change over the decimal number 75 to double, we would locate the biggest intensity of 2 under 75, which is 64. Therefore, we would place a 1 in the 2^6 section, and deduct 64 from 75, giving us 11. The biggest intensity of 2 out of 11 is 8, or 2^3. Put 1 in the 2^3 section, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. Take away 8 from 11 to get 3. Put 1 in the 2^1 segment, 0 in 2^2, and deduct 2 from 3. Were left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we take away one to get zero. In this manner, our number is 1001011. Making thi

2019 Freshman Essay Topics - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2019 Freshman Essay Topics - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2019 Freshman Essay Topics Every year, our office reviews the freshman application for changes that we would like to see for the next year. During this review, we also look at the short essay questions that are required for First Year applicants. Based on our review of the essays from last year, we are keeping the essay prompts the same as last year. We require one short essay that all applicants must complete, and four additional short essay topics with the applicant selecting to respond to one of these. These two essays should be between 200-300 words and remember to focus on substance and not word count. Before submitting your application and essays, always remember to proofread and edit! The First Year application will be available on September 1, but we thought that some people would want to know the essay prompts earlier than that date. Based on the essays we read last year, we do have one suggestion Please remember your audience. For some reason, we had a large number of essays about bodily functions this year, and while these might be good stories for late night gatherings with friends, they might not be the best admission essays. Here are the five essay questions, with Essay 1 being required and Essays 2-5 being four options from which the applicant selects one. (Required)The college admissions process can create anxiety. In an attempt to make it less stressful, please tell us an interesting or amusing story about yourself from your high school years that you have not already shared in your application. Essays 2-5,Choose one of the following four: UGA’s 2017 Commencement speaker Ernie Johnson (Class of ’79) told a story from his youth about what he refers to as blackberry moments. He has described these as“the sweet moments that are right there to be had but we’re just too focused on what we’re doing …, and we see things that are right there within our reach and we neglect them.Blackberry moments can be anything that makes somebody else’s day, that makes your day, that are just sweet moments that you always remember.” Tell us about one of your “blackberry moments” from the past five years. Creativity is found in many forms including artistic avenues, intellectual pursuits, social interactions, innovative solutions, et cetera. Tell us how you express your creativity. Tell a story from your life, describing an experience that either demonstrates your character or helped to shape it. Describe a problem, possibly related to your area of study, which you would like to solve. Explain its importance to you and what actions you would take to solve this issue. I have also included a sample essay from this past application cycle to give you an example of what we consider a strong essay, and it is from the character essay prompt. It’s unassuming, the tiled top square table with mismatched chairs, its lacquer wearing thin from dishes being passed back and forth, room for four but always crowded by eleven. It may be unassuming but its power is undeniable. As I grew older, the after-dinner conversations grew more intriguing to me. I began to stay and listen, to the politics I didn’t understand and the adult gossip I shouldn’t have been privy to. The dynamic of the debate shifted almost every time the topic changed, but the one thing that was consistent was that after all the plates were cleared and the chairs were pushed back in, everyone came together for dessert; pizzelles and biscotti. No afterthoughts, no bitterness. I admire my familys ability to embrace each other for their differences, instead of letting it break us apart. There was no greater example of the lesson in acceptance than when my family learned of the change in sexuality of one of our relatives. After the dissolution of a marriage and a traditional family, the initial resentment towards her for the challenge to our family values was difficult to digest, yet unavoidable. It was the first dispute that ever brought tears to that weathered table with the peeling laquer. Instead of allowing differing lifestyles to drive a wedge between us, our family challenged each others misconceptions, we discussed, we cried and we accepted. Being raised in such a racially, economically and religiously diverse community, I am lucky to have developed the skill set to empathize with the people around me and understand that not everyone thinks the same way. In fact life would be pretty boring if everyone acted in uniformity; in a more harmonious world, everyone should be able to voice their opinions and speak their minds, and still come together for dessert. Micaela B., Gaithersburg, MD

Impact Of Technology On Society With Businesses And Schools

Most people believe that technologies is the master mind in this world. Without technology humans cannot be able to master things through businesses and schools. Technology is destroying humanity and it has been a major thing in people lives. Humans realized that technology can cause many problems throughout their lives and can lead to be humiliation. Yet, humans using technology has been noticed in articles, movies, play, and books. Technologies has a big impact in today’s society with businesses and schools. Also according to Melvin Seeman, alienation can be categorized into five dimensions: powerless, meaninglessness, normlessness, social isolation and self-estrangement (783). The five types of alienation caused by technology threaten human existence and are embedded in culture and societal norms. Power is the ability of controlling others, and the opposite of power is powerless, which means a lack of strength or absence of power (Seeman 784). Someone who has been through this powerlessness experience may feel out of control and has no way of trying to regain control. According to Karl Marx, meaninglessness refers to the state of being without meaning and values of labors in the work process. Therefore, going into the meanings of the five dimensions of alienation. Alienation means that separation of individuals from society. Which means that it is a lack of trust in one’s social or physical environment or oneself. Powerlessness is a lack of strength or absence of power.Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Psychology And The Practice Of Teaching Subjects945 Words   |  4 Pagesstudies about the problems in our society. Whether individuals or teams, technology experts are needed in businesses and schools to maintain the access to computers. However, many technologists are being laid-off because of the cost. Technology is very costly but businesses need their skills and services. 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The technological evolution led humanity from the dark ages to enlightenment and agriculture to industrial. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of technology means â€Å"the practical application of knowledge

Is Playing A Sport - 1619 Words

Playing a sport is tough enough as it is, tasks such as training, potential for injuries, mental preparation and making sure the team reaches their full potential are all factors. Now, imagine not feeling like a part of that team due to the person you want to love. I was fortunate enough to be able to have a first-hand look into what being a gay athlete is like. My ex-teammate and friend Ryan Houchen, great athlete, even better person. Ryan himself is a homosexual athlete, he played hockey for Metro State as well as the University of Colorado Denver. He, as well as others, are observing that a growing number of gay athletes are emerging and as Ryan says, â€Å"Things are definitely on the up†. What he means by this is that it is becoming more†¦show more content†¦These are shocking statistics, when asking Ryan about his comfort level with his team he said, â€Å"It was okay, I never felt physically threatened...†. 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Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis Free Essays

string(58) " procedure was done for 100 \? L of bovine serum albumin\." EXPERIMENT NO. 15 PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTROPHORESIS Abstract The molecular weights of protein extracts were assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Two sets of four protein samples, standard bovine serum albumin (BSA), invertase, egg albumin, and casein, were prepared; one set containing ? -mercaptoethanol (BME) while the other did not. We will write a custom essay sample on Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis or any similar topic only for you Order Now These were then analyzed through SDS-PAGE with 12. 5% resolving gel, prepared using 2 M Tris-HCl at pH 8. 8 and stacking gel, prepared using 0. 0625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. . Results showed multiple bands located on the upper half of the gel, which suggested heterogeneity of the mixture and that the samples were heavy molecules. Introduction Proteins are biological macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptides, which are polymers of amino acids. Structurally diverse, these molecules also serve a myriad of functions from enzymes, which are the biological catalysts of many physiological reactions, to components that maintain the structural integrity and organization of cells (Pratt and Cornelly, 2011). Because of this, it has been a constant effort among chemists to extract and isolate proteins to determine the mechanisms by which they act and produce the results of their reactions. Further knowledge of their biological action could translate into the discovery of many resources that could facilitate humans’ and other species’ daily lives. Electrophoresis is an analytical tool through which one can examine the movement of charged molecules in an electric field. Many modern electrophoretic techniques use a polymerized gel-like matrix as a support medium. The molecules’ migration is dependent on the applied electric field, the rigid, mazelike matrix of the gel support, and their size, shape, charge, and chemical composition. The movement of a charged molecule in an electric field is given by: v=Eq? f (1) where v is the velocity of the molecule, E is the electric field magnitude, q is the net charge of the molecule, and f is a frictional coefficient dependent on mass and shape of the molecule. Hence, it is observed that under a constant electric field magnitude, the movement is dependent on the charge-to-mass ratio of the molecule. Since each molecule is expected to have unique charges and sizes, their mobility under the electric field would also be different. Gels used in electrophoresis with different pore size may be produced by using different concentrations of cross-linking agents. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) allows enhanced resolution of sample components due to separation based on molecular sieving and electrophoretic mobility. Because of the presence of a continuous network of pores in the gel, large molecules do not move easily through the medium compared to smaller ones. Two types of gels are used: the resolving and stacking gels, each having different concentrations of acrylamide and of different pH and ionic strengths. The denaturants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a detergent, and ? -mercaptoethanol (BME), a reducing agent, are frequently used in PAGE. The action of these two denaturating agents cause the production of polypeptide chains of constant charge-to-mass ratios and uniform shapes due to the SDS molecules binding with the hydrophobic regions of the denatured polypeptide and masking the native charge of the protein by its negative charge. This restriction, coupled with the fact that mobility of the SDS-protein complexes are based on molecular size, forms the basis of the electrophoretic determination of purity and molecular weight (Boyer, 1993). This experiment will utilize SDS-PAGE to assess the molecular weights of the extracted proteins invertase, albumin, and casein, along with standard bovine serum albumin. The effect of the presence of ? -mercaptoethanol was also investigated. Methodology With the glass plates clean, the gel apparatus was first set up with the comb inserted between the glass plates. It was made sure of that the set-up would not leak by allowing a little amount of distilled water to enter it, which was discarded afterwards. A mark, one centimeter below the teeth of the comb, was placed on the glass plate. The resolving gel, at 12. 5% gel, was then prepared in an Erlenmeyer flask. Using a micropipette, 1450 ? L of 40% stock acrylamide, 775 ? L of 2% stock bisacrylamide, 875 ? L of 2 M Tris-HCl at pH 8. 8, and 1500 ? L of distilled water were measured and mixed in the Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, 47 ? L of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 40 ? L of freshly prepared 10% ammonium persulfate (APS) were added to the mixture. Then, ten microliters (10 ? L) of tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was added and, after mixing it by swirling not more than three times, the mixture was poured into the gel apparatus with the aid of a micropipette up to the mark. The gel was then overlaid with a small amount of isobutanol-water mixture before it would start to harden. After the gel has completely polymerized, the isobutanol mixture was removed from the apparatus. Two pairs of two resolving gels were prepared as one pair would be used for samples containing ? mercaptoethanol and another pair for those that do not contain the said chemical. The stacking gel was prepared by taking 265 ? L of 40% stock acrylamide, 140 ? L of 2% stock bisacrylamide, 350 ? L of 0. 625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. 8, and 940 ? L of distilled water and mixing all four in an Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, 25 ? L of 10% SDS and 60 ? L of 10% APS were added to the one in the flask. Immediately before the solution was added, 5 ? L of TEMED was added to it and swirled not more than three times, similar to that done with the resolving gel. This mixture was then rapidly transferred by a micropipette over the resolving gel and, after placing the comb over it, left to harden. The samples were prepared by getting 100 ? L of the protein sample, 20 ? L of distilled water, and 80 ? L of loading buffer with ? -mercaptoethanol in plastic tubes for the electrophoresis of the samples containing ? -mercaptoethanol. For those samples not containing the latter reagent, 80 ? L of the loading buffer was added. The same procedure was done for 100 ? L of bovine serum albumin. You read "Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis" in category "Papers" These were then placed in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes after which these were immediately immersed in an ice water bath for 3 minutes. The protein samples used were invertase, albumin, and casein. The loading buffer was prepared by mixing 2. 5 mL of 10% SDS, 2. 5 mL of 0. 625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. 8, 2. 5 mL of 10% glycerol, and 5. 0 g of 0. 02% bromophenol blue, and diluting to 25 mL with distilled deionized water. Eight tubes were done all-in-all. The gel slabs were then placed in the gel chamber. The gel chambers were then filled with gel running buffer, making sure that the gel was completely immersed. This buffer was prepared by mixing 3. 0 g Tris base, 14. 4 g glycine and 1. 0 g SDS, and diluting to 1 L with distilled deionized water.. The set-up was then placed on a level surface. At this point, the comb was removed in one fluid motion to ensure that the wells would have straight edges. Ten microliters (10 ? L) of the samples with ? -mercaptoethanol was loaded into the wells using a micropipette. With the voltage set at 100 V and the protective electrode covering placed over the set-up, the gel was run until the dye reaches a level of 1 cm above the bottom of the gel slab. This was done again for those samples without the ? -mercaptoethanol. After the gels have been run, the gel slabs were transferred from the glass plates to a flat-bottom container where a small amount of staining solution was added until the slabs were completely immersed. This solution was prepared by mixing 50 mL of methanol, 10 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 0. 25 mg of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250, and diluting to 100 mL with distilled deionized water. After that, the background staining was removed by several washings of destaining solution. This solution was prepared by mixing 25 mL of 95% ethanol and 5 mL of glacial acetic acid, and diluting to 100 mL with distilled deionized water. Results and Discussion Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) served as an effective tool in the characterization of protein standards and extracts because of the gel’s high resolving power for molecules up to 106 Da, accommodation of larger sized samples, an inert enough matrix with respect to the migrating entities, and physical stability of the matrix (Boyer, 1993). Polyacrylamide gels were prepared by the catalyzed and cross-linked polymerization of the acrylamide-bisacrylamide mixture. The polymerization reaction was facilitated by ammonium persulfate (APS), the polymerizing agent, due to its inherent instability and, hence, its tendency to decay and to give rise to molecules initiating these polymerization. Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was introduced to catalyze the decay of APS. Figure 1 presents the general equation for the polymerization reaction of the acrylamide-bisacrylamide mixture (Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011). Figure 1. The polymerization reaction of the Acrylamide-bisacrylamide in the presence of ammonium persulfate and TEMED as the polymerizing agent and the catalyst respectively (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011) Polymerization proceeded with the opening of an acrylamide double bond, allowing it to react with another acrylamide to produce a linear polyacrylamide. Cross links were generated through the incorporation of bisacrylamide into the linear polyacrylamides. Since molecular oxygen would react with the free radical sulfate ions (SO42-) thereby inhibiting polymerization, degassing was necessary. Furthermore, the tendency of molecular oxygen to react with SO42- would also be the reason why it would be necessary for PAGE gels to be poured into tubes or between glass plates instead of horizontal apparatuses. However, the degassing step was not done due to the unavailability of a degassing chamber. Isobutanol was added on top of the gel to also prevent the entry and accumulation of O2 (Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011). Gel pore size is inversely proportional to the concentration of acrylamide. Therefore, to generate a broad and efficient range of protein separation, a discontinuous gel system was formulated, having a low acrylamide content on top and a high acrylamide content at the bottom. The capability of Tris-HCl to facilitate the propagation of electric current through the matrix qualified it as an appropriate loading buffer. It allowed the proteins to be drawn by the current through the sieving matrix slab (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011). The polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses set-up had three important features. First, a stacking gel was cast over a resolving gel. Second, the two gel layers had different ionic strengths and pH. Third, the stacking gel had a lower acrylamide concentration and a lower pH. These conditions allowed the protein molecules to first concentrate into a tight band before entering the resolving solution. In this experiment in particular, the charge of the protein was kept uniform all throughout using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a powerful detergent that would denature the protein and would leave it evenly negatively charged. Also, ? -mercaptoethanol was added to cleave the disulfide bonds, enforcing completely disrupted secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures. Prior to the loading of the sample, the discontinuous gel system was immersed in a glycine-Tris buffer prepared at pH 8. 8. At this pH, the two form of glycine – its Zwitterion ion and glycinate – would exist in equilibrium. H3N+CH2COO- – H2NCH2COO- + H+(2) When the voltage was turned on, the entry of buffer ions (glycinate and H+) to the stacking gel (pH 6. 8) shifted the equilibrium to the left, increasing the concentration of glycine’s Zwitterion ion, which would have a zero net charge, and therefore, would be electrophoretically immobile. Since the protein molecules would still be anionic at pH 6. , they would replace the nonmobile glycine molecules in order to keep the current running. As such, the relative mobilities of the ions in the stacking gel would be Tris base protein sample glycinate. Furthermore, the thin band observed in the upper gel would actually pertain to the protein molecules sandwiched between the Tris-base and the glycinate ions. The resolving gel, on the other hand, had a pH of 8. 8. When the ionic front reached it, the equilibrium of glycine species shifted to the right. The increase in pH and decrease in pore size retarded the movement of proteins and rendered the glycinate ions greater mobility. The relative rates of movement then became Tris-base glycinate ions protein samples. From there, it was the mass of the protein molecules that governed their mobility and thus identified them (Boyer, 1993). For qualitative analysis of results, the Coomassie brilliant blue dye (R-250), being the most popular staining reagent for the electrophoresis of protein samples, was used. Its mechanism of binding to the basic and hydrophobic groups of proteins manifested in the dull, reddish-brown to intense blue color change of the solutions. The staining method was started with the water wash of the gel cast to remove the electrophoresis buffers from the matrix. The matrix was then washed with methanol followed by glacial acetic acid to prevent the diffusion of protein bands form the matrix. The treatment with the dye followed. Lastly, destaining measures were employed to get rid of excess dye from the background gel matrix. This would allow a clear visualization of the bands that had formed (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011). Figures 2 and 3 are photographs of the two gels after incubation and subjection to the dye. Figure 2. Photograph of 1st gel Figure 3. Photograph of 2nd gel In figure 2, multiple bands existed. This could suggest that the samples had other components. These could come in the form of other proteins, contaminants, or other impurities. Nonetheless, any of these possibilities suggest one thing; the sample is not pure although there are occasional times when homogeneous samples result to multiple bands due to degradation during the electrophoresis procedure (Boyer, 1993). Also, the identity of the proteins could have been determined if there were standards or â€Å"markings† to compare these bands with. However, there were none. The only information that could be extracted from the photographs could be that the proteins in the samples were heavy that they were only located on the upper half of the gel. Conclusion The separation of biomolecules according to charge, size, and shape through electrophoresis could give significant information such as the purity, molecular weight, and, hence, the identity of the biomolecule. In this experiment, the multiple bands produced in the gel set-ups suggested that the samples were heterogeneous. Their location in the gel suggested that the proteins were relatively heavy ones. To gain more valuable information rom these data, it is recommended that a set of standard solutions be also run on the gel so that they could be used as references for the identification of the proteins in the samples. Also, the protein’s exact molecular size could be determined by preparing a calibration curve from a set of standard solutions of proteins, with of course, known concentration. The curve should be a plot of the logarithm of the molecular weight of the protein versus its mobility in the gel matrix. From this curve, the molecular weight of the protein in the sample solutions could be extrapolated. References 1. Boyer, Rodney. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. Third Edition. San Francisco, USA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1993. Scribd. Web. 29 November 2011. 2. Encor Biotechnology, Inc. â€Å"SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). † Encor Biotechnology, Inc. Protocols. Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011. Web. 30 November 2011 http://www. encorbio. com/protocols/SDS-PAGE. htm. 3. Thermo Scientific, Inc. â€Å"SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). † Thermo Scientific, Inc. Protein Methods Library. Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011. Web. 30 November 2011 http://www. piercenet. com/browse. cfm? fldID=21518847-2D72-475F-A5B9-B236EC5B641E . How to cite Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis, Papers

Phonological Variation of Hong Kong English Essay Example For Students

Phonological Variation of Hong Kong English Essay Variation 4: No distinction between long vowels and short vowels According to Tony(World Englishes, 2000: 338),researchers Bolton and Kwok (1990) have identified that HKE has a simpler vowel system than RP by subjective hearing and that some of the vowel contrasts in the British RP are neutralized. In other words, RP has a more complex vowel system than HKE, which again is the result of the influence of Cantonese, the mother-tongue of HKE speakers. Taking the scale of this research into consideration, we are not likely to conduct a spectrographic analysis to justify the subjective perception. However, the academic sources and previous research which researchers have read prove the validity of this variation. Researchers also recognize that this is also a common feature of Asian English speakers, like variation three. Long vowel duration is not part of their native language phonological system, hence no distinction between long vowels and short vowels. This variation is exemplified by the following data. The shorter duration of certain vowels could lead to offence or impoliteness, such as sheet is pronounced as shit, beach is pronounced as bitch. Examples Received Pronunciation. Hong Kong English My parents and me /mi:/ /mi/ Tea and coffee? /ti:/ /ti/ Thats a beach / bi? t? / / bit? / Beat eggs in the bowl /bi:t/ /bit/ Take that sheet / ? i? t / / ? it / Conclusion As is stated in the introduction, many phonological variations exist between speakers of Hong Kong English and Received Pronunciation. This report elaborates four of the most noticeable characteristics of HKE, which are:Â   Pronouncing Interdental-fricative/? / as labio-dental fricative /f/Â   Pronouncing voiced interdental-fricative / i / as alveolar plosive /d/ or voiceless interdental-fricative /?. Pronouncing voiced palato-alveolar /? / as voiceless palato-alveolar/s/: occasion( occacion) * No distinction between long vowels and short vowels Data are collected by the means of question-answer interviews and insufficient in terms of scope. Researchers make efforts to minimize the negative effects of the limitation by referring to academic sources and transcribing from everyday communication. Analysis of four of the most salient features reveals that Cantonese phonological system is reflective in HKE, that is, HKE displays some of phonemes in Cantonese, which makes HKE vary from RP. Other than this, even though some of the speakers of HKE realize that variations exist, they admit that it is out of their convenience, hence preserving them. Furthermore, certain variations may result in misunderstandings, offence or impoliteness. Some of the features in HKE are also typical of Asian English varieties and the reference of HKE which may facilitate the study of these varieties. At last, more advanced research and in-depth study are highly recommended to be conducted to analyze Hong Kong English. Books. Crystal, D 1995, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Melchers, G. and Shaw, P 2003, World Englishes: An Introduction, Arnold Publishers, London. George, Y 2000, The Study of Language, Second edition, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing. Hung, T. T. N 2000, Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English, World Englishes, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp 337-56. Internet Sources Youtube (Andrew Chu TakeOut Comedy Club Hong Kong English Stand up comedy, 8 January, 2009), viewed 16 May 2009 ;http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=o5m16E9xdDI;.